The twenty-first century, the rise of the Chinese economy reflected the collective three metropolitan areas for the eastern coast of the common development, and because the three international events and for the attention of the world! But with the enthusiasm has inspired people across the country and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is stir-fried Shanghai World Expo in 2010 compared to about 16, held in Guangzhou Asian Games has turned into a mainly large state-owned enterprises; even in the streets of Guangzhou, can casually to November 12, 2010 Opening of the Asian Games in Guangzhou, said it is also a small number of people.
1. Why should host the Asian Games in Guangzhou?
Guangzhou to host the 16th Asian Games has been no competition is a game. Originally addition, Guangzhou, there are three cities hosting the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur mm, the South Korean capital Seoul and the Jordanian capital Amman. However, the three City, on balance, have been too expensive to undertake, take on difficult financial and other reasons, to renounce the bid.
Games decline, has not this unique phenomenon. Since 1986, held in Seoul in the 10th Asian Games After the results of the competition the mainstream sports to no suspense who always win because of China, Japan and South Korea, the main players. The vast majority of athletes the ultimate goal is the Olympics, Asian Games, but is found in their own problems, adjust the state's intermediate station, to arouse enthusiasm of elite athletes participating more and more difficult In 1998, Japan's of universal significance, value and status of the Asian Games there is more and more subtle hh National Games, major events in the use of a lot of experience for urban development,.
1980's Hong Kong and Macao, Guangdong relying on the advantage of approaching a transition in China's opening up a window: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou Special Economic Zone to become a national; and Dongguan, Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Zhongshan and other rural counties, labor-intensive industries in Hong Kong by actively undertaking the transfer, the achievements of the remarkable achievements of industrialization. In this round of the industrialization process, the Guangzhou labor, overhead costs, land supply, etc. have no competitive advantage; the contrary, the planned economic system to adapt to the oldest city under the weight of the new system difficult, and led to economic development is relatively slow. Guangzhou need an opportunity to promote urban development, a breakthrough in the strict planned economy system, the reasons for restraint .
1987 years (Figure 1). Previously, Guangzhou's GDP (GDP) per year increment of less than 10 billion a year in 1985, suddenly increased by 26 billion; incremental revenue from the previous year to less than 2 billion 1985 soared 760 million yuan.
Tianhe Sports Centre and the construction of the East Railway Station of Guangzhou city functions driving east, led to a historic breakthrough in urban spatial structure. And then that was set up in Guangzhou City Construction Corporation Sports Center to run around the land, this decision directly spawned the br> 1990 late, with the continued reform and opening up further, especially with the Shenzhen and Zhuhai Special Economic Zone's built, the city of Guangzhou as the economic center of the province's status was being undermined. At the same time, the influx of foreign population to the city the capacity to challenge, but also exacerbated the extent of the capital city of dirty and messy. in obtaining the right to host 2001 National Games, the Guangzhou and launched the a change Extension of the attempt did not succeed then the six Games. But provincial and municipal governments by virtue of their strong economic strength, to determine the scale of the Olympic facilities to the standards of the Asian Games venues. This vision of ; Asian Games, prior to 1443 square kilometers from the adjustment jumped to 3718.5 square kilometers, and space for the expansion of urban industry provided a great platform.
increase in the stock of land to the competitiveness of Guangzhou city surge, and Guangzhou, New construction to protect the city, strategy. Guangzhou Center City Development has finally crossed the East and West spans 43 kilometers. (Fig. 3)
the beginning of strategy development in Guangzhou, the state is addressing the 1998 Asian financial crisis, the implementation of the proactive fiscal policy to easy access to bank financing and credit support. To this end, Guangzhou planning and large-scale efforts to promote infrastructure development plan, the urban rail network infrastructure, and many are planning or have already started. But the year 2003, the central government put the number of years open credit, leading to overheating of the national economy, a lot of excess capacity, they have to tighten the money supply and began a strict Bound mm using the Asian Games this events (large events) relating to the national image, even if the host city can not get direct state financial support, but also on everything, get a special policy support. More importantly, according to past experience, this is the banner unite people, consensus, to sacrifice some short-term and local interests, to promote the bottom line of major infrastructure.
Lin when he was Mayor of Guangzhou, the calculations have been that successful as long as Shenya, Guangzhou will only take 20 billion to build some special function venues, existing venues and payment of maintenance and reconstruction of Asian Games Organizing Committee funds can be leveraging more than 150 billion yuan of investment, the implementation of city development strategies established to complete 250 kilometers mm rail transit network, improve the Guangzhou University City, extension of the new Baiyun International Airport, construction of deep-water port in Nansha District, Guangzhou New Railway Station, Guangzhou Metro and other start.
2. from the Asian to the To stimulate more interest in participating athletes, the Guangzhou Asian Games, a total of 42 games, is the Asian Games in the history of the project up to a contest. which 28 projects for the Olympic Games, and another 14 non-Olympic events, including martial arts, board ball, sepak takraw, dragon boat, and other Asian countries are good at chess program, a total of 473 gold medals, more than the total number of Beijing Olympic gold medal, but also the most previous Asian Games. In addition, the Asian Games athletes qualified audit is not strict, basically and the referees and more than 10,000 journalists and media personnel participated in numbers for the Asian Games, the highest in history, but also more than the number of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
event of this magnitude, Guangzhou cope. Two Games To leave a large number of sports facilities in Guangzhou mm Six Games, the 60,000 people Stadium, 8000 Stadium, 2000 swimming pool; National Games of the 80,000 people Stadium, 10018 Guangzhou New Gymnasium. In addition, the Guangzhou University Town Center area also shared A 40,000 people Stadium, with 10 universities for supporting the construction of their stadium, museum, and there are more than 20 venues, the Games venues had already reached the scale of demand. Asian Games facilities planning is the core of how these distributed the city's sports facilities in various communities to organize themselves during the games. Guangzhou, the 12 new venues, including many of the planned community sports facilities, university town supporting the construction of the stadium, museum, and the maintenance of the stadium to 58, the actual construction use of funds of about 8.0 billion.
principles of planning and construction of the Asian Games venues:
scattered layout, multi-center, multi-functional principles; the venue to promote development of the principles of urban development; Asian Games venues and supporting facilities combined with the urban public principles; local conditions, the principles of thrift; meet the increasingly rich life, work to improve the quality of existing facilities, so the Asian Games competition venues and the public after the game combines the principles of fitness facilities.
Games Division layout:
Guangdong Olympic Sports Center and Tianhe Sports Center, Sports Center as the municipal complex, the former as the Games main stadium; in Guangzhou Metro, University Town, Baiyun New Town, New Town flowers to build a regional sports center, the formation of special Physical functional complementation, the type system of independent and is compatible with multi-National Fitness Center, multi-functional stadium layout. (Fig. 4,5)
account for the economic point of view the Asian Games, Guangzhou Asian Games to be proud of: buyout market through the development rights, access to the commercial sponsorship than previous Games. GAGOC has now signed 47 sponsors, more than 1.3 billion yuan in cash sponsorship, sponsorship in kind discount about 1.7 billion. The 2006 Doha Asian market development income of only $ 80,000,000.
Guangzhou Asian Games Organizing Committee in financial management is also more pragmatic, do not speak pomp, not to engage in competition, the Games venue construction to be able to meet the needs of subject; focus on post-Games use, such as the Asian Games City Sports Center after the game will be the Community Centre in Panyu, Haizhu District Stadium and eventually become the National Fitness Centre, Conghua equestrian field after the game as to the Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute Markey; focus on building social forces into venues, such as the bowling alley is the use of private venues for maintenance to later use, is the use of Dragon Lake Golf Center golf course, the government only the maintenance costs, equestrian field is to use the Hong Kong Jockey Club to build the venue, only this part to the Asian Games Provincial capital cost of 20 billion yuan.
2.2 actually built the city
(1) determine the Games competition requirements, the planning of the Games thus naturally into the a change ; Asian cities Guangzhou is an opportunity to improve in terms of urban civilization, the significant events, Asian cities are also supposed to be a cosmopolitan city with a high degree of civilization.
Guangzhou, Lingnan Gogun; business in Guangzhou, a cosmopolitan city; activity in Guangzhou, sports Strong City; ecological Guangzhou city landscape. that is, to further enhance the economic vitality of the city to improve urban civilization, protection of urban ecological security and promoting international urban construction.
Guangzhou Economic growth in the total 100 billion yuan each time getting used to the short .1986 to 1995, the city's GDP rose from 10.0 billion to 1000 billion yuan in 10 years; 1996 1999, from 100 billion yuan to 2000 billion yuan, with 4 years; from 200 billion yuan to 3,000 yuan, with 3 years (2000 ~ 2002); jumped by 300 billion yuan to 4,000 yuan, and spent 2 years (2003 ~ 2004); after 2004, growth of 100 billion per year basically. (Fig. 6)
2009 GDP of Guangzhou reached 911.276 billion yuan, the city's resident population of 1,033.45 million GDP per capita reached 88,000 yuan / person, ranking the third largest city of China's economic aggregate. three times the proportion of GDP, industrial added value for the 1.89:37.25:60.86, tertiary industry rose by 1.84 percentage points, on the city's contribution to economic growth rate was 70.1%, and the enhanced role of economic growth.
(3) the basic shape
urban structure after the 2000 extension of the Guangzhou urban space strategy for the expansion and upgrading of industrial space provides a huge reserve of land, This will improve the competitiveness of Guangzhou city is the key to long-term economic development for the foundation .2005 again the adjustment of administrative divisions set up in the east Luogang area, the establishment of Nansha District in the south, but also affirmed the administrative divisions from Guangzhou Strategy formed by expansion of new urban spatial structure.
central business district of Guangzhou in the 21st Century (GCBD21) along the new city axis, the Tianhe Sports Center and around the Pearl River New City business district office for the hard-core (Hard Core), the Milky Way center area and the Dongfeng Road, Huanshi along the nuclear margin (Core Fringe), to extend the new urban area south axis for the development of land reserve, the Guangzhou Avenue, Tianhe East Road (water road) for internal transport axis. Zhujiang New City planning office space up to 7.6 million square meters, with more than 400 million sports center ring square meters of office, the regional concentration of about 12 million square meters in Guangzhou business office building, is well-deserved hard core CBD area. With the Tower, West Tower, Opera House, the Provincial Museum, Youth Palace, the city library and the central axis of the completion of underground engineering, brewing for the past 20 years the basic shape in Guangzhou CBD, the current transfer of land has been completed, construction completed 70% of the volume. (Figure 7) < br> range of 228 square kilometers, Guangzhou Metro planning, urban construction land area of about 148 square kilometers. indicators of access to land by the Asian Games and related benefits, to become another major economic engine in Guangzhou. small suite of 90 square meters of mainly residential and commercial after the game to .2009 by the end of direct sale for a cost of about 130 billion yuan (including the relocation compensation for farmers) of the Asian Games City has not yet built, that is, the high price of 25.5 billion shot out work for the Guangzhou Asian Games welcome financial predicament. Guangzhou Metro will start with the early development of Nansha District, Guangzhou City University City along the southern extension of the strategic Jianrugaochao. (Fig. 8)
2005 �� to 2010, Guangzhou in infrastructure funding sources, over half of the land transfer payments, a small part by the payment of budgeted funds; there are about four a bank loan, only the control of a creek that year reached 48.615 billion yuan .2010 Guangzhou has basically realized the expansion of urban space and economic development of the double cross: urban space from the chemical industry fiscal and credit policies in the economic stimulus policies, the government projects become a priority target bank lending, leverage the Games for some subtle nature. But a lot of the Asian Games after 2006 under the name of public projects and supporting the project has aroused widespread controversy, as the city's public sexual topics.
3.1 Financial sun.
in built-up areas accounted for 21% of the land of the old city of Guangzhou, the city focused on most of the economic and social activities, city functions together, making the old town has maintained a high development value, excellent business, education, health care and other public resources to developers and residents have had a tremendous appeal, together with this convenient subway traffic after the intervention, the Old City once again become a development hot spot, from Guangzhou in recent years, various real estate development and strength can be seen that, as the old town of Yuexiu, Liwan, Haizhu District, in the real estate development and the intensity has remained at the forefront of the city district location, and the SAR values and lower the gap is relatively large. high intensity in real estate development exacerbated the old city texture, lack of space form a powerful control, making the body mass scale of the existing built environment and the old buildings do not meet very mixed, scattered in the scope of the old city, some of the traditional axis of the old city, the space node is a large number of modern buildings destruction of traditional urban space is deliberately changed. Comparative analysis of the traditional central axis in Guangzhou Status and planning and design can be found, planning and design is no good to play on modern architecture building control, urban planning in the form of texture did not follow the continuity of urban renewal also broke the original planning of the building body mass. be traced, is the old conflict between the update and protection, there is the phenomenon of re-development of light protection.
the same time, the old city of Guangzhou upgrading the existing model is still the market dominant, the government reform resulted in the development of inadequate control of construction in urban renewal some degree of control, floor area ratio and building height indicator volume continue to be a breakthrough, historical and cultural cities of the overall building damage the environment. Old Tradition social and human development suffer from two diverse lifestyle blocks. This transformation of a single update to a large extent ignored the diversity of traditional regional space, affecting the public life of the original street pattern region continuity and development.
Second, the large commercial facilities on the old City's , resulting in the original community small business gradually by large commercial and wholesale market place, undermining the traditional way of life diverse neighborhoods, prompting the migration of the population.
2006 at the end of the Guangzhou municipal government put forward for the old city the development of transformation of the first historic district even after the transformation of the demolition program, the lack of attention to the history and culture of the city and transform the motivation much doubt that social public outcry, so that the whole br> 3.2 old villages, old factory), so Guangzhou stagnant for several years in the absence of the formation of co-ordination between urban and rural areas. Compared with Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, the existence of villages damaged the image of public governance of local government, so the transformation is the collective will of the provincial and municipal levels of government, this is a political topic.
Second, the upsurge of real estate in recent years, the economic transformation of villages makes it possible. The Government has long been a fixed idea of transformation of villages, because if the Government should take the initiative, there should be a large number of financial investment. Currently few have driven the village, easily several billion investment. such a high intensity of input, the city is not able to support public finance, and must rely on the introduction of market, it only reached a very high level of land when This transformation is feasible in terms of cost.
village government in the process of urbanization, leaving only a small number of villagers, survival resources, the villagers have been sustained as income protection, farmers have No retreat back, we can only vested interests in the recognition of farmers to transform the premise, so that the transformation of the old than the average cost to expensive. because of this, transformation of village in the city can do, excellent Reconstruction of the Village to carry out the funds. The Government seems not funded, but in fact the huge amount of land revenue is returned to the developers and the villagers, the city lost a lot of public revenue. The Government should also for this high rate of large volume infrastructure, spending large sums of finance. Even so, we must be able to market land prices high enough to cover the cost of several aspects of the time, be able to meet government, developers, farmers maximize the benefits of the three requirements. The land has is determined by the price, it is invisible to the majority of buyers carried prices so high now after the developer finally agreed to participate in the transformation of villages in the price.
2005 years have focused on the regulation of the State previous against the price on, highly political, but a palliative. the central government to strengthen the centralization of power, take away too much local tax revenue, but in the absence of new methods to change the result in land revenue, and even the country's third largest city of Guangzhou that can not maintain basic fiscal balance, so what is development?
Reconstruction of the Village for the price sensitivity is high. now to hold down prices as the country's macro-control target policy if effective, will increase market uncertainty, while the developer funds are not in place, the current transformation of villages could produce a number of unfinished village. In order to avoid social risks, the Government must start the transformation in time to help farmers back the full amount of the developer section of land. If the developer can not accept, then the Government should not rush to promote the removal of villages, there is no need to force the removal of nine before the Asian Games Village, to take the risk of social stability.
3.3 attention to vulnerable groups, this is indeed the city government should act. ��ɳ�� new community is currently under construction in Guangzhou, the largest new communities, residential gross floor area of about 48 million square meters, a total of 6,000 sets of 60 to 80 square units . because of government attention, so in the design and equipment configuration are the best. beautiful environment, complete and perfect, fully equipped, convenient transportation, the new community planning no less than the absolute level of any real estate community. primarily to where? This involves a lot of sociological issues mm Residential Segregation. in a fully market-oriented housing market, residential differentiation is a natural process, because the income of different causes in different capacity to pay the market price of natural selection to human again, some people live with money the poor live. the market led to the levels of social exclusion and social issues become a hotbed of possible isolation from the evolution of space for social confrontation. from the perspective of safeguarding social security, to break the pattern of low-income settlements to social stability will greatly reduce the value of the whole society operating costs. from the social security point of view, a wise government should just choose to live in the natural market trend of differentiation of its intervention, the reduction of social differentiation, emphasizing the social mix of housing.
a lot of mixed populations benefits of low-income and high income by the grass roots to learn how to close exchange of wealth, access to more job opportunities; high-income low-income grass-roots grass-roots contact with the bottom of society can be learned was life, outlook and spirit; different mixed levels can enhance their mutual understanding and enhance the viability of low-income, and resolve class barriers. the ideal way is to put the poor 6000 divided into 10 groups, each 500m600 households to the city in a residential distribution of the different groups in the region, together with other social classes enjoy the dignity without discrimination of urban public facilities and services.
get to the new community a to be labeled case, the Government, when acting for the poor lack of research and feasibility studies, there is no involvement of social scientists, the results of the municipal government further exacerbated by the behavior of living advanced large poor residential area.
3.4 does not restrict cars in Guangzhou?
for Guangzhou to become China's Detroit, so the statement does not limit the Guangzhou municipal government has repeatedly car! and the city government also plans to come up with ten million , in the city center built 150,000 parking spaces.
fact, the lack of parking spaces because the result of government policy. Guangzhou to limit the provisions of parking fees, so there is no return into a parking lot project, the surface it beneficial for the ordinary people, in fact, the market has inhibited investment in the construction of the parking lot. put a little, and parking was naturally scarce. the result that only the government to use public finance to build its own car park?
but neither the government nor the market to increase parking spaces in the central area to be careful!
1980's, China made it clear that the priority development of public transport Since the mobility of private transport, our city is actually not able to control the development of private cars. with pollution control, as in the issue we do not have cars, , this may be hard to match, because the people are the same, we all want the convenience and mobility, the results we are not mobile and convenient.
zoologists in recent years that support public transportation to address the current challenges faced by urban traffic. from the textbooks of the ; game keep up the growth of car. Old City traffic congestion would have to be through City hit a people, long-term but not withstand scrutiny.
3.5 on the controversial BRT Guangzhou Asian Games
in the welcome banner, following the Kunming, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Beijing and other places, up to 13 billion invested in Guangzhou, Zhongshan Road BRT (Bus Rapid Transit System) February 10, 2010 was finally opened in the controversy.
Guangzhou BRT announced the start of construction from the criticism and doubt to continue. Fortunately, before the opening of BRT not only did not become worried about the public media, ; not let pass, ; average speed of vehicles along the society from 13.9 km / h increased to 17.8 km / h, more than 28% .31 speed before the opening of bus routes citywide BRT Article 750 pairs of bus stops, BRT became the city's bus transfer hub channel.
International Urban Planning has two fundamental document, the 1979 The basic elements of urban growth. the city must plan for, and safeguard the public transport system, in the city building requirements and energy balance between failure. become one of the basic functions of the city, which means that the first use of the car traffic as a personal means of transport. the best solution. So obviously the future urban transport policy should be subordinate to the private car public transport system development. br> The choice of transport modes that BRT is not a technical issue, but an important political decision-making. The Government must decide, limited transportation space resources, whether the priority assigned to the car, or assigned to the bus? urban transport should ...
No comments:
Post a Comment